Irelands naturall history being a true and ample description of its situation, greatness, shape, and nature, of its hills, woods, heaths, bogs, of its fruitfull parts, and profitable grounds : with the severall ways of manuring and improving the same : with its heads or promontories, harbours, roads, and bays, of its springs, and fountains, brooks, rivers, loghs, of its metalls, mineralls, free-stone, marble, sea-coal, turf, and other things that are taken out of the ground : and lastly of the nature and temperature of its air and season, and what diseases it is free from or subject unto : conducing to the advancement of navigation, husbandry, and other profitable arts and professions / written by Gerald Boate ; and now published by Samuell Hartlib for the common good of Ireland and more especially for the benefit of the adventurers and planters therein.

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Author:	Boate, Gerard, 1604-1650.
Title:	Irelands naturall history being a true and ample description of its situation, greatness, shape, and nature, of its hills, woods, heaths, bogs, of its fruitfull parts, and profitable grounds : with the severall ways of manuring and improving the same : with its heads or promontories, harbours, roads, and bays, of its springs, and fountains, brooks, rivers, loghs, of its metalls, mineralls, free-stone, marble, sea-coal, turf, and other things that are taken out of the ground : and lastly of the nature and temperature of its air and season, and what diseases it is free from or subject unto : conducing to the advancement of navigation, husbandry, and other profitable arts and professions / written by Gerald Boate ; and now published by Samuell Hartlib for the common good of Ireland and more especially for the benefit of the adventurers and planters therein.
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Print source:	Irelands naturall history being a true and ample description of its situation, greatness, shape, and nature, of its hills, woods, heaths, bogs, of its fruitfull parts, and profitable grounds : with the severall ways of manuring and improving the same : with its heads or promontories, harbours, roads, and bays, of its springs, and fountains, brooks, rivers, loghs, of its metalls, mineralls, free-stone, marble, sea-coal, turf, and other things that are taken out of the ground : and lastly of the nature and temperature of its air and season, and what diseases it is free from or subject unto : conducing to the advancement of navigation, husbandry, and other profitable arts and professions / written by Gerald Boate ; and now published by Samuell Hartlib for the common good of Ireland and more especially for the benefit of the adventurers and planters therein. Boate, Gerard, 1604-1650., Hartlib, Samuel, d. 1662. London: Imprinted for John Wright, 1657.
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title page

To His Excellency OLIVER CROMWEL, Captain Generall of the Common-wealths Army in England, Scotland and Ireland, and Chan∣cellor of the University of OXFORD. AND To the Right Honorable CHARLES FLEETWOOD, Commander in Chief (under the Lord Generall Cromwell) of all the Forces in IRELAND.

To the Reader.

IRELANDS NATVRALL HISTORY.

CHAP. I. Of the situation, shape, and greatness of Ireland: it's division into Provinces and Counties: of the English Pale: the prin∣cipall towns of that Nation.

Sect. 1. Situation of Ireland.

Sect. 2. Distance betwixt Ireland and severall places upon the coast of Great-Britain.

Sect. 3. Shape and bigness of Ireland.

Sect. 4. Division of Ireland into Provinces and Counties.

Sect. 5. Of the English Pale.

Sect. 6. Cities and chief Townes of Ireland.

CHAP. II. Of the principall Havens of Ireland.

Sect. 1. Waterford Haven.

Sect. 2. Carlingford Haven.

Sect. 3. Strangford-haven, and that of Knockfergus.

Sect. 4. Sheeps haven, Lough Suillie, and Lough foile.

Sect. 5. Kilbeg and Dungall Haven.

Sect. 6. Broad-haven, Akill-haven, and Galloway-haven.

Sect. 7. The Havens of Limmerick, Smerwick, Din∣gle-bay, Ventrie, and Dingle-Icoush.

Sect. 8. Maire, Bantrie, and Beer-haven.

Sect. 9. Whiddie-haven and Langerf.

Sect. 10. Downams bay, Baltimore-bay and Baltimore-haven.

Sect. 11 Castle-haven, Rosse-haven, Clandore Haven with the Havens of Kinsale and Cork.

CHAP. III. Of the lesser Havens, and the barred Havens of Ireland, also of the Roads and An∣chor-places upon the coast, and in the little Ilands near the coast.

Sect. 1. Wexford-haven.

Sect. 2. Dublin-haven.

Sect. 3. The Havens of Drogheda and Dundalk.

Sect. 4. The Havens o Dondrom, Arglas, Old∣fleet, Belletree, and the Band.

Sect. 5. Tellin-haven, Mackswins-bay, the Havens of Balleshanon, Slego, Endrigo, Moy, and Niffadoy.

Sect. 6. The Havens of Trailie, Youghall, and Dungarvan: item of Wickloe, Arckloe, Malahide, &c.

Sect. 7. Roads upon the Coast of Ireland, from Waterford to Fair-Foreland.

Sect. 8. The rest of the Roads upon the coast of Ireland.

Sect. 9. Roads in the Ilands of Salters, Dal∣kee, Irelands-Eye, and Lambay.

Sect. 10. Roads in the rest of the litle Ilands about Ireland.

CHAP. IV. Quality and fashion of the Irish Coast or Shoares. Item, a brief description of the principall Promontories or Heads of Ireland.

Sect. 1. Of the low and Strandie Shoares of Ireland.

Sect. 2. Of the high and hilly Shoares of Ireland.

Sect. 3. Capes on the East-side of Ireland.

Sect. 4. Capes on the North-side of Ireland.

Sect. 5. Capes on the West-side of Ireland.

Sect. 6. Heads on the Southern Coasts of Ireland.

CHAP. V. Of the Sands or Grounds, Blind-Rocks, and other Rocks in the Irish sea.

Sect. 1. Of the Grounds before the Coast be∣twixt Dublin and VVexford.

Sect. 2. Of the Chanel betwixt the Land and the forenamed Grounds.

Sect. 3. Blind Rocks upon the coast of Ireland from the Saltees unto Wickloe.

Sect. 4. The rest of the blind Rocks upon the coast of Ireland.

Sect. 5. Rocks in the Irish Sea, upon the East-side and the North-side of the coast.

Sect. 6. Rocks in the Irish-sea upon the Western and the Southern-coast.

CHAP. VI. Of the nature of the Irish-sea, and of the Tides which go in the same.

Sect. 1. The Irish-sea not so tempestuous as it is bruited to be.

Sect. 2. Causes of the loss of such ships as perish upon this sea.

Sect. 3. Nature of the ground of the Irish-sea.

Sect. 4. Of the Tides in the Irish-sea.

Sect. 5. Strong Tides in the Sounds. Strange proprietie of the Bay of Wexford in the matter of Tides.

Sect. 6. Some other strange particulars about the Tides in the Iish-sea, related by Giral∣dus, but found not to be true.

CHAP. VII. Of the Springs and Fountains, item of the Brooks and Rivelets of Ireland.

Sect. 1. Of the Springs and Fountains.

Sect. 2. Spaes and Holy-wels in Ireland.

Sect. 3. Of the fabulous Fountains of Giraldus Cambrensis.

Sect. 4. Of the Brooks in Ireland.

Sect. 5. Of the swelling and overflowing of the Brooks.

Sect. 6. Strange invention of a man to pass a Brook, greatly risen by the a∣bundance of rain.

Sect. 7. Of the Brooks of Dromconran and Ra∣fernam by Dublin.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Rivers of Ireland.

Sect. 1. Of the Shanon.

Sect. 2. The Rivers Suck, Sure, Oure, Broad-water, Barrow, and Slane.

Sect. 3. Of the Liffie and the Boine.

Sect. 4. Of the Band and Blackwater.

Sect. 5. Of the Lagon and Nury-water: tide-rivers.

Sect. 6. Of the Cataracts in the Irish Rivers.

Sect. 7. Of the Foards in the Rivers of Ireland a second impediment of their navigableness.

Sect. 8. Of the Weres, a third impediment of the Navigableness of the Rivers in Ireland.

CHAP. IX. Of the Lakes or Loughs in Ireland.

Sect. 1. Of the little Loughs.

Sect. 2. Of the Middle-sort of Loughs.

Sect. 3. Of the Great Loughs, and first of those of Salt-water.

Sect. 4. Of Lough-Earne, Lough-Neaugh, and the rest of the great Loughs.

Sect. 5. Of the Ilands in the Loughs.

Sect. 6. Of St Patriks Purgatory.

Sect. 7. Of the property of Lough-Neaugh, of turning Wood into Stone.

CHAP. X. Of the nature and condition of the Land, both for the outward shape, and for the internall qualities and fruitfulness.

Sect. 1. Distinction of Ireland into Champain-Lands, Hils, and Mountains.

Sect. 2. A necessary observation about the use of the words Hill and Mountain.

Sect. 3. Of the Mountains of Ireland, and first of the lower sort.

Sect. 4. Of the higher sort of Mountaines in Ireland.

Sect. 5. Nature of the Ground in Ireland, and of the fruitfull grounds.

Sect. 6. Causes hindering the fruitfulness of the ground, where the soyl otherwise is not bad.

Sect. 7. Ireland a very fruitfull Country, especially for grasse.

Sect. 8. More of the plenty and goodness. of the Irish pastures.

CHAP. XI. Of the severall manners of manuring and inriching the ground practised in Ireland.

Sect. 1. In some part of Ireland the ground never needs dunging.

Sect. 2. Of Sheeps-dung.

Sect. 3. An usefull observation about Cows-dung.

Sect. 4. Of Pigeons-dung.

Sect. 5. Of Ashes and Mud.

Sect. 6. Of Lime.

Sect. 7. A remarkable historie concerning the ex∣cellencie of Lime for the inricheng of the ground.

Sect. 8. Another history, shewing the fficacy of Lime in this particular.

Sect. 9. Of Sea-sand.

Sect. 10. Of Brine or Pickle.

CHAP. XII.

Sect. 1. Of the Marle in Ireland, and the man∣ner of Marling the land there.

Sect. 2. The manner, charges, and profit of Marling the ground.

Sect. 3. The usage of the Marled-land, practised by them of the County of Wexford.

Sect. 4. Of the Marle in Connaught.

Sect. 5. Property and usage of the Marled-lands in Connaught.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Heaths and Moores, or Bogs in Ireland.

Sect. 1. Of the Moory, or Boggy-heaths.

Sect. 2. Of the dry Heaths.

Sect. 3. Of the Wet Bogs

Sect. 4. Of the Grassie Bogs

Sect. 5. Of the Watery-Bogs, and of the Miry-Bogs.

Sect. 6. Of the Hassockie-bogs.

CHAP. XIV Originall of the Bogs in Ireland; and the manner of Draining them, practised there by the En∣glish Inhabitants.

Sect. 1. Of the originall of Bogs in this Countrie.

Sect. 2. Retchlesness of the Irish, cause of most of the Bogs. Of trees found in Bogs.

Sect. 3. Draining of the Bogs practised by the English in Ireland.

Sect. 4. Profit reaped by the draining of Bogs.

Sect. 5. The manner of draining the Bogs.

Sect. 6. Observation about the falling and setling of the Bogs at their draining.

CHAP. XV. Of the Woods in Ireland.

Sect. 1. Woods in Ireland are reckoned among the barren lands, and the reason thereof.

Sect. 2. Woods much diminished in Ireland since the first comming in of the English.

Sect. 3. Diminishing of the Woods during the last Peace.

Sect. 4. Great part of Ireland very bare of Woods at this time.

Section. 5. Many great Woods still left in Ireland.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Mines in Ireland, and in particular of the Iron-mines.

Sect. 1. All the Mines in Ireland discovered by the New-English.

Sect. 2. Grounds to beleeve that there are Gold-mines in Ireland.

Sect. 3. Three sorts of Iron-mines in Ireland: and first of the first sort, Bog-mine.

Sect. 4. Of the second sort of Iron-mine, called Rock-mine.

Sect. 5. Of the third sort of Iron-mine.

Sect. 6. Iron-works erected by the English.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Iron-works▪ their fashion, charges of erecting and maintaining thm, and profit comming of them: With an exact description of the manner of melting the Iron in them.

Sect. 1. The fashion of the Iron-works.

Sect. 2. Of the lesser Iron-works, called Bloomeries: Of the Hammer-works: And of the Casting works.

Sect. 3. Conveniencies requisite to the erecting of an Iron-work.

Sect. 4. The charges of erecting and maintaining an Iron-work.

Sect. 5. Of the profit of the Iron-works instan∣ced in those of Sir Charles Coot by Mountrath

Sect. 6. Some other particulars about the same subiect, of the prosit of the Iron-workes.

Sect. 7. The manner of melting the Iron-oar.

Sect. 8. Of the different Bigness of the Iron Sowes

Sect. 9. Of the refining of the Sow-Iron, and the hammering it into Barres.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Mines of Silver and Lead in Ire∣land: and occasionally of the pestife∣rous Damps and Vapours within the Earth.

Sect. 1. Of the severall Mines of Silver and Lead, and in particular that of Tipperary▪

Sect. 2. The manner of digging this Mine: the nature of the Oare, and what pro∣portions of Silver and Lead it yeelds.

Sect. 3. Profits of this Mine. It hach been de∣stroyed by the Irish Rebels.

Sect. 4. This Mine free from deadly vapours, the which otherwise in Ireland are bred within the Earth, as well as in other Cuntries, as is in∣stanced in a very remarkable History.

Sect. 5. Relation of an accident like the former happened at London.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Free-stone, Marble, Flints, Slate, and Seacoles which are found in Ireland

Sect. 1. Of the Free-stone,

Sect. 2. Certain evill properties of the Irish Free-stone.

Sect▪ 3. Of the Marble.

Sect. 4. Description of the Marble-quarrie at Kilkenny.

Sect. 5. Of the Flint.

Sect. 6. Of the Slate.

Sect. 7. Of the Sea-coal.

CHAP. XX. Of the Turf, Lime, and Brick, and the man∣ner of making those things in Ireland; item of the Glass made in Ireland.

Sect. 1. Of the two sorts of Irish-turf.

Sect. 2. The manner of making the Turf.

Sect. 3. The charges of making Turf.

Sect. 4. Of the Lime, and the manner of making it of Lime-stone.

Sect. 5. Another manner of burning Lime used in Ireland.

Sect. 6. Of the Brick.

Sect. 7. The manner how they make their Brick in Ireland.

Sect. 8. Of the Glass made in Ireland.

CHAP. XXI. Of the Temperature and Qualities of the Air, and Seasons in Ireland, as for Heat, Cold, and Moisture.

Sect. 1. Of the Cold weather, and the Frosts.

Sect. 2. Of the Warm-weather.

Sect. 3. Of the Rain and We-weather.

Sect. 4. Of the fair weather in the latter end of Autumn. In the foul weather the nights are often fair.

Sect. 5. Some dry Summers in Ireland, but hardly ever any too dry.

Sect. 6. Amendment of the wet Air in Ireland how to be expected.

CHAP. XXII. Of the Dew, Mist, Snow, Hail, Hoar-frost, Thunder and Lightning, Earth∣quake and Winds.

Sect. 1. Of the Dew.

Sect. 2. Of May-dew, and the manner of gathering, and preserving it.

Sect. 4. Of the Mists and Fogs.

Sect. 4. Of the Snow, Hail, and Hoar-frost.

Sect. 5. Of the Thunder, Lightning, and Earthquakes.

Sect. 6. Of the Winds.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Healthfullness of Ireland, and what Sicknesses it is free from, and subject unto.

Sect. 1. Many old and Healthfull people in Ireland.

Sect. 2. Ireland free from severall Diseases.

Sect. 3. The immunity from certain Diseases consisteth in the Air, not in the bodies of the people.

Sect. 4. The most part of all kind of Diseases are found in Ireland as in other Countries.

CHAP. XXIIII. Of the Diseases reigning in Ireland, and whereunto that country is peculiarly subject.

Sect. 1. Of the Irish Agues.

Sect. 2. Of the Loosness.

Sect. 3. Of the Rickets.

Sect. 4. Of the Leprose

Sect. 5. Of the League-Sicknesses.

A Table of the principal Heads contained in this Book.

Errata.