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Author: Evans, Oliver, 1755-1819.
Title: The young mill-wright & miller's guide. In five parts --embellished with twenty five [i.e., twenty-six] plates ... / By Oliver Evans, of Philadelphia.
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Print source: The young mill-wright & miller's guide. In five parts --embellished with twenty five [i.e., twenty-six] plates ... / By Oliver Evans, of Philadelphia.
Evans, Oliver, 1755-1819., Ellicott, Thomas, 1738-1799., Bury, J. J., engraver.
Philadelphia:: Printed for, and sold by the author, no. 215, North Second Street., 1795.
Subject terms:
Flour-mills.
Advertisements -- Mills and mill-work.
Subscribers' lists.
URL: https://name.umdl.umich.edu/N21765.0001.001
How to cite: For suggestions on citing this text, please see Citing the TCP on the Text Creation Partnership website.

Table of Contents
View entire text
title page
copyright notice
PREFACE.
CONTENTS.
PART I.
MECHANICS.
HYDRAULICS.
PART II.
PART III.
PART IV.
PART V.
CONTENTS of the APPENDIX.
EXPLANATION OF THE TECHNICAL TERMS, &c. USED IN THIS WORK.
SCALE from which the FIGURES are drawn.
THE YOUNG Mill-wright's & Miller's GUIDE.
PART THE FIRST.
CHAPTER I.
Art. 1. OF THE FIRST PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS.
AXIOMS, or Self-evident Truths.
POSTULATUMS, or Positions without Proof.
COROLLARY.
Art. 2. OF THE PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS.
Laws of Gravity.
Art. 3. ELASTICITY.
CHAPTER II.
Art. 4. OF MOTION AND ITS GENERAL LAWS.
Art. 5.
Art. 6.
Art. 7.
CHAPTER III. Art. 8.
OF THE MOMENTUM OR FORCE OF BODIES IN MOTION.
OF NON-ELASTICITY IN IMPINGING BODIES.
CHAPTER IV. OF FALLING BODIES. Art. 9.
CHAPTER V. OF BODIES DESCENDING, INCLINED PLAINS AND CURVED SURFACES. Art. 10.
CHAPTER VI. OF THE MOTION OF PROJECTILES. Art. 12.
CHAPTER VII. OF CIRCULAR MOTION & CENTRAL FORCES. Art. 13.
CHAPTER VIII. OF THE CENTRES OF MAGNITUDE, MOTION, AND GRAVITY. Art. 14.
CHAPTER IX. OF THE MECHANICAL POWERS.
Art. 15.
Art. 16. Of the Lever.
Art. 17. GENERAL RULES FOR COMPUTING THE POWER OF ANY ENGINE.
EXAMPLES.
Art. 18. There are Four kinds of Levers.
Art. 19. Compound Lever.
RULE.
EXAMPLES.
Art. 20. Foundation of the rules for finding the motion of wheels, or number of cogs to pro∣duce motions.
EXAMPLES.
Art. 21. Power decreases as motion increases.
Art. 22. No Power gained by enlarging Undershot Water-Wheels.
EXAMPLE.
Art. 23. No Power gained by double gearing Mills, but some lost.
Art. 24. Of the Pulley.
Art. 25. Of the Wheel and Axle.
Art. 26. Of the inclined Plain.
Art. 27. Of the Wedge.
Art. 28. Of the Screw.
Art. 30. Of the Fly-wheel, and its Use.
CHAPTER X. OF FRICTION.
Art. 31.
Laws of Friction.
Art. 32. Of reducing Friction.
Art. 33. Late Invention to reduce Friction.
CHAPTER XI. OF MAXIMUMS, OR THE GREATEST EFFECTS OF ANY MACHINE.
Art. 34.
Art. 35. Old Theory investigated.
Art. 36. New Theory doubted.
Attempts made to discover a true Theory.
Art. 37. Scale of Experiments.
Art. 38. William Waring's Theory.
DEFINITIONS.
PROP. I.
PROP. II.
Art. 39. Extract from a further paper, read in the phi∣losophical society, April 5th, 1793.
Art. 40. Waring's Theory doubted.
POSTULATES.
Art: 41. Search for a true Theory, commenced on a new Plan.
THEORY.
Art. 42.
Theorem for finding the Maximum Charge for shot Wheels.
PROBLEM.
Art. 42. Theorem for finding the Velocity of the Wheel, when we have the Velocity of the Water, Load at Equi∣librio, and Load on the Wheel given.
PROBLEM.
Art. 43. Of the Maximum velocity for Overshot Wheels, or those that are moved by the weight of the Wa∣ter.
Art. 44. Application of the doctrine of maxi∣mums.
CHAPTER XII. HYDRAULICS.
Art. 45. Of Spouting Fluids.
Art. 47. Application of the Laws of Motion to Undershot Wheels.
Art. 48. The Hydrostatic Paradox.
Art. 50.
THEOREM I.
PROBLEM. I.
PROBLEM. II.
Art. 51. Rule for finding the Velocity of spouting Water.
THEOREM II.
PROBLEM. I.
PROBLEM II.
Art. 52.
THEOREM III.
PROBLEM.
THEOREM.
Art. 53. Water applied on Wheels to act by Gravity.
DEMONSTRATION
THEOREM IV.
PROBLEM I.
PROBLEM II.
Art. 54. Investigation of the Principles of Overshot Mills
DEMONSTRATION.
Art. 55. Of the Friction of the Apertures of Spouting Fluids.
Art. 56. Of the Pressure of the Air on Fluids.
Art. 57. Of Pumps.
Art. 58. Of conveying Water under Valleys and over Hills.
Art. 59. Of the Difference of the Force of indefinite and de∣finite Quantities of Water Striking a Wheel. DEFINITIONS.
Art. 60. Of the Motion of Breast and Pitch-back wheels.
THEOREM.
EXAMPLE.
Art. 61. Rule for calculating the Power of any Mill-Seat.
EXAMPLES.
Art. 62. Theory and Practice compared.
THEOREMS.
Observations on the following Table of Experiments.
THEOREM.
EXAMPLE.
Art. 63. Further observations on the following Table.
Observations continued from Page 115.
THEOREM.
EXAMPLES.
Of the different quantity of Surfaces that are passed by Mill-stones of different diameters with different velocities.
Art. 64. Of Canals for conveying Water to Mills.
Art. 65. Of the Size and Fall of Canals.
THEOREM.
PROBLEM. I.
PROBLEM. II.
Art. 66. Of Air-pipes to prevent tight Trunks from when filled with water.
Art. 67. An experimental Enquiry, read in the Philosophical Society in London, May 3rd and 10, 1759, con∣cerning the Natural Powers of Water to Mills and other Machines, depending on a circu∣lar Motion, by James Smeaton, F.R.S.
PART I. Concerning Undershot Water-wheels.
To determine the Velocity of the Water striking the Wheel.
The Quantity of Water expended is found thus.
Reduction of the above Set of Experiments.
Maxims and Observations deduced from the forego∣ing Table of Experiments.
OBSERVATIONS.
PART II. Art. 68. Concerning Overshot Wheels.
Specimen of a SET of EXPERIMENTS,
Reduction of the preceding Specimen.
OBSERVATIONS AND DEDUCTION FROM THE FOREGOING EXPERIMENTS.
I. Concerning the Ratio between the Power and of Overshot Wheels.
II. Concerning the most proper Height of the Wheel in Proportion to the whole descent.
III. Concerning the Velocity of the Circumferences of the Wheel in order to produce the greatest Ef∣fect.
PART III. Art. 69. On the Construction and Effects of Wind-mill Sails.
Concerning the Effects of Sails according to the differ∣ent Velocity of the Wind.
part
INTRODUCTION.
THE YOUNG Mill-wright's Guide. CHAPTER I. OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF MILLS.
Of Undershot Mills.
Use of the Table.
Observations on the Table.
Art. 71. Of Tub Mills.
Use of the Table for Tub Mills.
Art.72. Of Breast Mills.
Use of the Table for Breast Mills.
Art. 73. Of Overshot Mills.
Use of the Table.
Observations on the Table.
Of Mills moved by Re-action.
CHAPTER II. RULES AND CALCULATIONS.
Art. 74.
RULE.
EXAMPLE.
rule
EXAMPLE.
MOTION OF THE SHAFTS.
EXAMPLES.
Art. 75.
RULE FOR FINDING THE PITCH CIRCLE.
EXAMPLE.
Art. 76.
RULE.
EXAMPLE.
table
Use of the foregoing Table.
RULE COMMONLY PRACTISED.
RULE.
Art. 77.
A TABLE OF ENGLISH DRY MEASURE.
RULE.
EXAMPLE.
RULE.
EXAMPLE.
RULE.
EXAMPLE.
RULE.
CHAPTER III.
Art. 78. OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF GEARS, AND FORCE OF COGS.
Art. 79. Of Spur Gears.
Art. 80. Of Face Gears.
Art. 81. Of Bevel Gears.
RULE.
Art. 82. Of matching Wheels, to make the Cogs wear Even.
RULE.
EXAMPLES.
Art. 83. Theory of Rolling Screens and Fans, or Wind-mills for screening and fanning the Wheat in Mills.
CHAPTER IV. Art. 84. OF GUDGEONS, THE CAUSE OF THEIR HEAT∣ING AND GETTING LOOSE, AND REMEDIES THEREFOR.
CHAPTER V.
Art. 85. ON BUILDING MILL-DAMS, LAYING FOUN∣DATIONS, AND BUILDING MILL-WALLS.
Art. 86. On building Mill-walls.
part
INTRODUCTION
THE YOUNG Mill-Wright's Guide. PART THE THIRD. CHAPTER I. Art. 88. DESCRIPTION OF MACHINES.
1. Of the Elevator.
2. Of the Conveyer.
3. Of the Hopper-boy.
4. Of the Drill.
5. Of the Descender.
CHAPTER II. APPLICATION OF THE MACHINES, IN THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING WHEAT INTO SUPERFINE FLOUR.
Art. 89.
To clean the Screenings.
Art. 90. Of elevating Grain from Ships.
Art. 91. A Mill for grinding Parcels.
Art. 92. A Grist-mill for grinding very small Parcels.
Art. 93. Of elevating Grain, Salt, or any granulous Sub∣stance, from Ships into Store-houses, by the Strength of a Horse.
Art. 94. Of an Elevator applied to elevate Grain, &c. wrought by a Man.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IX.
To clean Wheat several Times.
CHAPTER III. OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SEVERAL MACHINES.
Art. 95. Of the Wheat-Elevator.
To make Sheet-Iron Buckets.
Of the Crane-Spout.
Of an Elevator to elevate Wheat from a Ship's Hold.
Art. 96. Of the Meal-Elevator.
Art. 97. Of the Meal-Conveyer.
Art. 98. Of a Grain-Conveyer.
Art. 99. Of the Hopper-Boy
RULE.
Art. 100. Of the Drill.
Directions for using a Hopper-Boy.
CHAPTER IV. Art. 101. OF THE UTILITY OF THESE INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
conclusion
CHAPTER V. BILLS OF MATERIALS TO BE PROVIDED FOR BUILD∣ING AND CONSTRUCTING THE MACHINERY.
Art. 102. For a Wheat-Elevator 43 Feet high, with a Strap 4 inches wide.
Smith's Bill of Iron.
Smith's Bill of Iron.
For a Hopper-Boy.
Smith's Bill of Iron.
Art. 103. A Mill for hulling and cleaning Rice.
PART THE FOURTH.
CONTENTS OF PART THE FOURTH.
THE Young Miller's Guide. CHAPTER I. THE PRINCIPLES OF GRINDING EXPLAINED, WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON LAYING OUT THE FUR∣ROWS IN THE STONES, WITH A PROPER DRAUGHT.
Art. 104.
Art. 105. Of the Draught necessary to be given to the Fur∣rows of Mill-Stones.
CHAPTER II. DIRECTIONS FOR FACING A PAIR OF NEW BUR STONES, LAYING OUT THE FUR∣ROWS, HANGING THEM FOR GRINDING, AND FOR KEEPING THEM IN GOOD FACE; PICKING AND SHARPENING THEM; FOR GRINDING TO THE RIGHT FINENESS, SO AS TO CLEAN THE BRAN WELL, AND MAKE BUT LITTLE MIDDLINGS, &c.
Art. 106. Of facing Mill-Stones.
Art. 107. Of hanging Mill-Stones.
Art. 108. Of regulating the Feed and Water in Grinding.
Art. 109. Rules for judging of good Grinding.
Art. 110. Of Dressing and Sharpening the Stones when Dull.
Art.111. Of the Most proper Degree of Fineness for Flour.
CHAPTER. III. Art. 112. OF GARLIC, WITH DIRECTIONS FOR GRINDING WHEAT MIXED THEREWITH; AND FOR DRESSING THE STONE SUITABLE THERETO.
CHAPTER IV. Art. 113. GRINDING OVER THE MIDDLINGS, STUFF & BRAN, SHORTS, IF NECESSARY; TO MAKE THE MOST THEM.
CHAPTER V. Art. 114. Of the Quality of Mill-Stones, to Suit the Quality of the Wheat.
CHAPTER VI. Art. 115. OF BOLTING-REELS, AND CLOTHS; WITH DIRECTI∣ONS FOR BOLTING AND INSPECTING THE FLOUR.
Queries concerning Bolting.
Of Inspecting Flour.
CHAPTER VII. DIRECTIONS FOR KEEPING THE MILL; AND THE BUSINESS OF IT IN GOOD ORDER.
Art. 116. The Duty of the Miller.
Art. 117. Peculiar Accidents by which Mills are subject to Catch Fire.
Art. 118. Observations on improving of Mill-Scats.
Observations on improving of Mill-Scats.
plates
part
CONTENTS.
TO THE READER.
THE Practical Mill-wright. Art. 1. OF UNDERSHOT MILLS.
Art. 2. Directions for making Forebays.
Art. 3. Of the Principle of Undershot Mills.
Experiments for determining the proper Motion for Undershot Wheels.
Directions for gearing Undershot Wheels, 18 feet Diameter, where the Head is above 3 and under 8 feet, with double Gears; counting the Head from the Point where the Water strikes the Floats.
Art. 4. Of Breast-Wheels.
Art. 5. Of Pitch-back Wheels.
Art. 6. Of Overshot Wheels.
Art. 7. Of the Motion of Overshot Wheels.
Art. 8. Of Gearing.
Art. 9. Rules for finding the Diameter of the Pitch Circles.
MILL-WRIGHTS TABLES,
Use of the following Tables.
Table I. For Overshot Mills with Stones 4 feet Diameter to revolve 106 times in a minute, Pitch of the gear of great cog wheel and wallower 4½ and of lesser cog wheel and trundle 4¼ inches.
TABLE II. For Overshot Mills with Stones 4 feet 6 inches Diameter to revolve 99 times in a minute, pitch of the gears 4½ and 4¼ inches.
TABLE III. Stones 5 feet Diameter to revolve 86 times in a minute, the pitch of the gears 4½ and 4¼ inches.
TABLE IV. For Overshot Mills with Stones 5 feet 6 inches Diameter to revolve 80 times in a minute the pitch of the gears 4¾ and 4½ inches.
Art. 10. Directions for constructing Undershot Wheels, such as fig. 1, plate I.
Art. 11. Directions for Dressing Shafts, &c.
Art. 12. To lay out the Mortises for the Arms.
Art. 13. To put in the Gudgeons.
Art. 14. Of Cog-wheels.
Art. 15. Of Sills, Spur-blocks, and Head-blocks.
Art. 16. Of Cogs; the best Time for cutting and Way of seasoning them.
Art. 17. Of shanking, putting in, and dressing off Cogs.
Art. 18. Of the little Cog-wheel and Shaft.
Of the Shaft.
Art. 19. Directions for making Wallowers and Trundles.
Art. 20. Of fixing the Head-blocks and hanging the Wheels.
Art. 21. Directions for putting in the Balance-Ryne.
Art. 22. To Bridge the Spindle.
Art. 23. Of the Crain and Lighter-Staff.
Art. 24. Directions for making a Hoop for the Mill-Stone.
Art. 25. Of grinding Sand to Face the Stones.
Art. 26. Directions for laying out the Furrows in the stones, &c.
Art. 27. Directions for making a Hopper, Shoe and Feeder.
Art. 28. Of Bolting-chests and Reels.
Art. 29. Of setting Bolts to go by Water.
Art. 30. Of making Bolting Wheels.
Art. 31. Of Rolling-screens.
Art. 32. Of Fans.
Art. 33. Of the Shaking Sieve
Art. 34. Of the Use of draughting Mills, &c.
Art. 35. Directions for planning and draughting Mills.
Art. 36. Bill of Scantling for a Mill, 32 by 55 Feet, 3 Stories high, such as described Plate VI. VII. VIII. & IX. The Walls of Mason-work.
For the first Floor.
For the second Floor.
For the Floor over the Water-house.
For the third Floor.
For the fourth Floor.
For the Roof.
For Doors and Window-cases.
For the Water-house.
For the Husk of a Mill of one Water-wheel and two Pair of Stones.
For the Water and big Cog-wheel.
For little Cog-wheels.
For Wallowers and Trundles.
Cogs and Rounds.
Bolting-shafts.
Art. 37. Bill of the large Irons for a Mill of two Pair of Stones.
Bill of Iron for the Bolting and Hoisting-works in the common Way.
For the Hoisting-wheels.
Explanation of the Plates.
PLATE V,
PLATE VI.—The Ground-plan of a Mill.
PLATE VII.—Second Floor.
PLATE VIII
PLATE IX
Art. 39. Of Saw-mills.—Their Utility.
Construction of their Water-wheels.
Of Gearing Saw-mills.
Description of a Saw-mill.
Pitman Irons of an improved Construction.
OPERATION.
Art. 40. Description of a Fulling-mill.
OPERATION.
Description of the Drawings of the Iron-works, Plate XII.
Of hanging the Saw.
Of whetting the Saw.
Of Springing Logs Straight.
Of moving the Logs, to the Size of Scantling, &c.
Remedy for a long Pitman.
APPENDIX; CONTAINING, Rules for discovering new Improvements—exemplified in im∣proving the Art of thrashing and cleaning Grain, hulling Rice, warming Rooms, and venting Smoke by Chim∣neys, &c.
RULE.
EXAMPLE 1. Suppose we take the Art of thrashing Grain,
Description of the THRASHING MACHINE, with elastic Flails; Invented by JAMES WARDROP, of AMPTHILL, VIRGINIA.
EXAMPLE II. Take the Art of cleaning Grain by Wind.
EXAMPLE III. Take the Art of Distillation.
EXAMPLE IV. Take the Art of venting Smoke from Rooms by Chimneys.
EXAMPLE V. Take the Art of warming Rooms by Fire.
Description of the philosophical and ventilating Stove.
EXAMPLE VI. Take the Art of hulling and cleaning Rice.
EXAMPLE VII. To Save Ships from Sinking at Sea.
EXAMPLE VIII. Take the Art of preserving Fruits, Liquors, &c. from Putre∣faction and Fermentation.
For those to Read who have Leisure.
Communication.—The following Essay on SAW-MILLS, &c. I received from WILLIAM FRENCH, Mill∣wright, Burlington county, (New-Jersey) since I con∣cluded, and fearing I may not have another opportu∣nity, I publish it.
The Pile Engine.
Of building Dams on soft Foundations.
illustrations
LIST OF THE SUBSCRIBERS NAMES
Errors that may be corrected with a Pen.
ADVERTISEMENT.
CERTIFICATE.