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Author: Rumford, Benjamin, Graf von, 1753-1814.
Title: Essays, political, economical, and philosophical. By Benjamin Count of Rumford, Knight of the orders of the White Eagle, and St. Stanislaus; Chamberlain, Privy Counsellor of State, and lieutenant-general in the service of His Most Serene Highness the Elector Palatine, reigning Duke of Bavaria; colonel of his regiment of artillery, and commander in chief of the general staff of his army; F.R.S. Acad. R. Hiber. Berol. Elec. Boicoe, Palat. et Amer. Soc. ; Vol. I[-III].
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Print source: Essays, political, economical, and philosophical. By Benjamin Count of Rumford, Knight of the orders of the White Eagle, and St. Stanislaus; Chamberlain, Privy Counsellor of State, and lieutenant-general in the service of His Most Serene Highness the Elector Palatine, reigning Duke of Bavaria; colonel of his regiment of artillery, and commander in chief of the general staff of his army; F.R.S. Acad. R. Hiber. Berol. Elec. Boicoe, Palat. et Amer. Soc. ; Vol. I[-III].
Rumford, Benjamin, Graf von, 1753-1814., Trenchard, Edward C., b. ca. 1777, engraver., Hill, Samuel, 1766?-1804, engraver.
Boston:: Printed by Manning & Loring, for David West. Sold at his book-store, no. 56, Cornhill; by Ebenezer S. Thomas, Charleston, S. Carolina; and by Solomon Cotton & Co. Baltimore., March, 1798[-1804].
Subject terms:
Rumford, Benjamin, -- Graf von, 1753-1814 -- Portraits.
Booksellers' advertisements -- Massachusetts -- Boston.
URL: https://name.umdl.umich.edu/N26055.0001.001
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Table of Contents
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illustration
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TO HIS MOST SERENE HIGHNESS THE ELECTOR PALATINE, REIGNING DUKE OF BAVARIA. &c. &c. &c.
table of contents
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INTRODUCTION. Situation of the Author in the Service of His Most Serene Highness the ELECTOR PALATINE, Reign|ing Duke of BAVARIA. Reasons which induced him to undertake to form an Establishment for the Relief of the Poor.
CHAP. I. Of the Prevalence of Mendicity in Bavaria at the Time when the Measures for putting an End to it were adopted.
CHAP. II. Various Preparations made for putting an End to Mendicity in Bavaria.—Cantonment of the Cavalry in the Country Towns and Villages.— Formation of the Committee placed at the Head of the Institution for the Poor at Munich.— The Funds of that Institution.
CHAP. III. Preparations made for giving Employment to the Poor.—Difficulties attending that Undertaking.— The Measures adopted completely successful.—The Poor reclaimed to Habits of useful Industry.— Description of the House of Industry at Munich.
CHAP. IV. An Account of the taking up of the Beggars at Munich.—The Inhabitants are called upon for their Assistance.—General Subscription for the Relief and Support of the Poor.—All other public and private Collections for the Poor abolished.
CHAP. V. The different Kinds of Employment given to the Beggars upon their being assembled in the House of Industry.—Their great Awkwardness at first. —Their Docility, and their Progress in useful Imdustry.—The Manner in which they were treated.—The Manner in which they were fed.— The Precautions used to prevent Abuses in the Public Kitchen from which they were fed.
CHAP. VI. Apology for the Want of Method in treating the Subject under Consideration.—Of the various Means used for encouraging Industry among the Poor.—Of the internal Arrangement and Gov|ernment of the House of Industry.—Why called the Military Work-house.—Of the Manner in which the Business is carried on there.—Of the various Means used for preventing Frauds in carrying on the Business in the different Manu|factures.—Of the flourishing State of those Manu|factures.
CHAP. VII. A farther Account of the Poor who were brought together in the House of Industry:—And of the interesting Change which was produced in their Manners and Dispositions.—Various Proofs that the Means used for making them industrious, com|fortable, and happy, were successful.
CHAP. VIII. Of the Means used for the Relief of those poor Per|sons who were not Beggars.—Of the large Sums of Money distributed to the Poor in Alms.—Of the Means used for rendering those who received Alms industrious.—Of the general Utility of the House of Industry to the Poor, and the Distressed of all Denominations.—Of Public Kitchens for feeding the Poor, united with Establishments for giving them Employment; and of the great Advantages which would be derived from forming them in every Parish.—Of the Manner in which the Poor of Munich are lodged.
CHAP. IX. Of the Means used for extending the Influence of the Institution for the Poor at Munich, to other Parts of Bavaria.—Of the Progress which some of the Improvements introduced at Munich are making in other Countries.
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ESSAY II.
CHAP. I. General View of the Subject.—Deplorable State of those who are reduced to Poverty.—No Body of Laws can be so framed as to provide effectually for their Wants.—Only adequate Relief that can be afforded them must be derived from the voluntary Assistance of the Humane and Benevolent.—How that Assistance is to be secured.—Objections to the Expense of taking Care of the Poor answered.—Of the Means of introducing a Scheme for the Relief of the Poor.
CHAP. II. Of the Extent of an Establishment for the Poor.— Of the Division of a Town or City into Dis|tricts.—Of the Manner of carrying on the Bu|siness of a public Establishment for the Poor.— Of the Necessity of numbering all the Houses in a Town where an Establishment for the Poor is formed.
CHAP. III. General Direction of the Affairs of an Institution for the Poor attended with no great Trouble.—Of the best Method of carrying on the current Business, and of the great Use of printed Forms, or Blanks. —Of the necessary Qualifications of those who are placed at the Head of an Establishment for the Relief of the Poor.—Great Importance of this Subject.—Cruelty and Impolicy of putting the Poor into the Hands of Persons they cannot re|spect and love.—The Persons pointed out who are more immediately called upon to come forward with Schemes for the Relief of the Poor, and to give their active Assistance in carrying them into Effect.
CHAP. IV. Of the Necessity of effectual Measures for intro|ducing a Spirit of Industry among the Poor in forming an Establishment for their Relief and Support.—Of the Means which may be used for that Purpose; and for setting on foot a Scheme for forming an Establishment for feeding the Poor.
CHAP. V. Of the Means which may be used by Individuals in affluent Circumstances for the Relief of the Poor in their Neighbourhood.
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ESSAY III.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAP. I. Great Importance of the Subject under Consideration. —Probability that Water acts a much more im|portant Part in Nutrition than has hitherto been generally imagined.—Surprisingly small Quantity of solid Food necessary, when properly prepared, for all the Purposes of Nutrition.—Great Im|portance of the Art of Cookery.—Barley remark|ably nutritive when properly prepared.—The Im|portance of culinary Processes for preparing Food shewn from the known Utility of a Practice com|mon in some Parts of Germany of cooking for Cattle.—Difficulty of introducing a Change of Cookery into common Use.—Means that may be em|ployed for that Purpose.
CHAP. II. Of the Pleasure of Eating, and of the Means that may be employed for increasing it.
CHAP. III. Of the different Kinds of Food furnished to the Poor in the House of Industry at Munich, with an Account of the Cost of them.—Of the Expense of providing the same Kinds of Food in Great-Britain, as well at the present high Prices of Provisions, as at the ordinary Prices of them.— Of the various Improvements of which these differ|ent Kinds of cheap Food are capable.
CHAP. IV. Of the small Expense at which the Bavarian Sol|diers are fed.—Details of their Housekeeping, founded on actual Experiment.—An Account of the Fuel expended by them in Cooking.
CHAP. V. Of the great Importance of making Soldiers eat together in regular Messes.—The Influence of such economical Arrangements extends even to the moral Character of those who are the Objects of them.—Of the Expense of feeding Soldiers in Messes.—Of the surprising Smallness of the Ex|pense of feeding the Poor at Munich.—Specific Proposals respecting the Feeding of the Poor in Great-Britain, with Calculations of the Expense, at the present Prices of Provisions.
CHAP. VI. Of INDIAN CORN.—It affords the cheapest and most nourishing Food known.—Proofs that it is more nourishing than Rice.—Different Ways of prepar|ing or cooking it.—Computation of the Expense of feeding a Person with it, founded on Experi|ment.—Approved Receipt for making an INDIAN PUDDING.
CHAP. VII. Receipts for preparing various Kinds of cheap Food. —Of MACCARONI.—Of POTATOES.—Approved Receipts for boiling Potatoes.—Of Potatoe Pud|dings.—Of Potatoe Dumplins.—Of boiled Pota|toes with a Sauce.—Of Potatoe Sallad.—Of BARLEY—Is much more nutritious than Wheat.— Barley Meal, a good Substitute for Pearl Barley, for making Soups.—General Directions for pre|paring cheap Soups.—Receipt for the cheapest Soup that can be made.—Of SAMP—Method of pre|paring it—Is an excellent Substitute for Bread.— Of burnt Soup.—Of RYE BREAD.
Of Barley.
General Directions for preparing cheap Soup.
Receipt for a very cheap Soup.
Receipt for making BROWN SOUP.
Of Rye Bread.
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ADVERTISEMENT.
ESSAY IV.
CHAP. I. Fire-Places for burning Coals, or Wood, in an open Chimney, are capable of great Improvement.— Smoking Chimnies may in all Cases be completely cured.—The immoderate Size of the Throats of Chimnies the principal Cause of all their Imper|fections.—Philosophical Investigation of the Sub|ject.—Remedies proposed for all the Defects that have been discovered in Chimnies and their open Fire-places.—These Remedies applicable to Chim|nies destined for burning Wood, or Turf, as well as those constructed for burning Coals.
CHAP. II. Practical Directions designed for the Use of Work|men, shewing how they are to proceed in making the Alterations necessary to improve Chimney Fire-places, and effectually to cure smoking Chimnies.
CHAP. III. Of the Cause of the Ascent of Smoke.—Illustration of the Subject by familiar Comparisons and Ex|periments.—Of Chimnies which affect and cause each other to smoke.—Of Chimnies which smoke from Want of Air.—Of the Eddies of Wind which sometimes blow down Chimnies, and cause them to smoke.
Conclusion.
EXPLANATION of the FIGURES.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
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ESSAY V.
A short Account of the MILITARY ACADEMY at MUNICH.
An Account of the Means used to improve the BREED of HORSES, and HORNED CATTLE, in BAVARIA and the PALATINATE.
An Account of the Measures adopted for putting an End to USURY at MUNICH.
An Account of a SCHEME for employing the SOLDIERY in BAVARIA in repairing the Highways and Public Roads.
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APPENDIX.
No. I. ADDRESS and PETITION to all the Inhabitants and Citizens of MUNICH, in the Name of the real Poor and Distressed.
No. II. SUBSCRIPTION LISTS distributed among the Inha|bitants of MUNICH in the Month of JANUARY, 1790, when the Establishment for the Relief of the Poor in that City was formed.
VOLUNTARY SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR The RELIEF and SUPPORT of The Industrious, Sick, and Helpless POOR, AND For the total Extirpation of VAGRANTS and STREET-BEGGARS, In the CITY of MUNICH. REMARKS.
VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS for the SUPPORT of the Poor at MUNICH. FAMILY-SHEET.
No. IV. Certificate relative to the EXPENSE of FUEL in the Public Kitchen of the Military Work-house at MUNICH.
No. V. Printed Form for the DESCRIPTIONS of the POOR.
Other Remarks.
No. VI. Printed Form for SPIN TICKETS, such as are used at the Military Work-house at MUNICH.
This printed Form is filled up as follows:
An improved Form for a SPIN-TICKET, with its Abstract; which Abstract is to be cut off from the Ticket, and fastened to the Bundle of Yarn or Thread.
No. VII. An Account of EXPERIMENTS made at the BAKE-HOUSE of the MILITARY WORK-HOUSE at MU|NICH, November the 4th and 5th, 1794.
FIRST BATCH.
First Heating of the Oven.
SECOND BATCH.
Second Heating of the Oven.
THIRD BATCH.
Third Heating of the Oven.
FOURTH BATCH.
Fourth Heating of the Oven.
FIFTH BATCH.
Fifth Heating of the Oven.
SIXTH BATCH.
Sixth Heating of the Oven.
GENERAL RESULTS of these EXPERIMENTS.
Quantity of FUEL consumed in these Experiments.
No. VIII.
Average of the Description of POOR for the Week ending 30th of April, 1796.
Saturday, April 30, 1796. 1227 Persons fed at Breakfast.
1227 Persons fed at Dinner.—BREAD and MEAL POTTAGE.
SUPPER.
Sunday, May 1, 1796. 1220 Persons fed at Breakfast.
1220 Persons fed at Dinner.—BREAD, BEEF and BROTH.
Wednesday, May 4, 1796. 1216 Persons fed at Breakfast.
1216 Persons fed at Dinner.—CALECANNON and BEER.
No. IX. An Account of an EXPERIMENT made (under the Direction of the AUTHOR) in the Kitchen of the HOUSE of INDUSTRY at DUBLIN, in COOKING for the POOR.
GENERAL RESULTS of the EXPERIMENT.